NFA-Lambda

A variant of NFA where $\Lambda$-transitions are allowed. Denoted as NFA-$\Lambda$.

A 5-tuple: $M = (Q, \Sigma, q_0, A, \delta)$ where:

• $Q$ - finite set of states
• $\Sigma$ - input alphabet
• $q_0$ - start state
• $A$ - set of accepting states
• $\delta: Q \times (\Sigma \cup {\Lambda}) \rightarrow 2^Q$ - transition function

The only difference from a standard NFA is that the transition function $\delta$ can also take $\Lambda$ as input.

More flexible than an NFA. Does not increase computational power compared to DFA or NFA. Useful for simplifying automata construction, especially when building from regular expressions.

Lambda Transition

A type of transition where the automaton can move from one state to another without consuming any input symbol. Denoted as $\Lambda$-transition. Labelled as $\Lambda$ on the transition diagram.

Lambda-Closure

Set of all states reachable from a given state (or set of states) using only $\Lambda$-transitions. Referred to as $\Lambda$-Closure.

Suppose $S$ is a set of states ($S \subset Q$). $\Lambda(S)$ satisfies:

• $S \subset \Lambda(S)$
  Every state in $S$ is included in $\Lambda(S)$
• $p \in \Lambda(S)$ iff $q \in S$ and $\delta(q, \Lambda) = p$
• No other states are included

Transition Function

$\delta: Q \times (\Sigma \cup {\Lambda}) \rightarrow 2^Q$.

Extended Transition Function

Properties:

• $\delta^*(q, \Lambda) = Λ(q)$
• $\delta^*(q, ya) = Λ \left( \bigcup_{r \in δ^*(q,y)} δ(r,a) \right)$

Acceptance

A string is accepted iff there exists a sequence of transitions (including $\Lambda$-transitions) from the start state to an accepting state that corresponds to the input string. That is:

Complement

Convert to NFA and then to DFA, then complement.