Laws

Addition Law

P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \cap B)

Suppose $A$ and $B$ are two events.

P(B|A) = \frac{P(A|B) \times P(B)}{P(A)}

Can only be applied when:

The sample space is partitioned into a set of mutually exclusive events: $\set{A_1,A_2,\dots,A_n}$ .
$\exists B \subset S \text{ s.t. } P(B) \gt 0$
$P(A_k|B)$ is to be calculated
At least one of the two sets of possibilities should be given:
- $\forall A_k\;\;P(A_k \cap B)$
- $\forall A_k\;\;P(A_k)$ and $P(B|A_k)$

P(A \cap B)=P(B|A) \times P(A)

P(A \cap B \cap C)=P(C\; | \;(A \cap B))\times P(A\cap B)

Relates marginal probablities to conditiional probablities.

Suppose the sample space is partitioned into a countably infinite set of mutually exclusive events: $\set{A_1,A_2,\dots}$ . Then, for an event $B$ :

P(B) = \sum_{i=1} {P(B\;|\;A_i)\times P(A_i)}

Probability of 2 or more events occuring simultaneously.

For discrete random variables, the marginal probability can be calculated by summing over the joint probability distribution:

P(X = x) = \sum_y P(X = x, Y = y)

For continuous random variables:

P_X(x) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} P_{X,Y}(x,y)\,\text{d}y

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September 29, 2026 2 min read

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